Хартанович Мария Валерьевна
Музей антропологии и этнографии им. Петра Великого (Кунсткамера) РАН, Санкт-Петербург, Россия
Радзюн Анна Борисовна
Музей антропологии и этнографии им. Петра Великого (Кунсткамера) РАН, Санкт-Петербург, Россия
DOI: 10.24411/2076-8176-2017-11915
В Кунсткамере Императорской академии наук XVIII в. по указу Петра I формировались коллекции, использовавшиеся учёными Академии как для исследований в разных областях, так и для популяризации передовых знаний. В статье рассматривается значение собрания «монстров» — случаев врождённых пороков развития человека и животных для научных работ, проводимых в Кунсткамере. Как продолжение рассуждений публикуется на русском языке работа одного из основоположников эмбриологии, профессора петербургской Академии наук Каспара Фридриха Вольфа о причинах возникновения двойниковых уродств на примере двухголового теленка из коллекции Кунсткамеры.
On Collection of Monsters in the 18th Century Imperial Academy of Sciences Kunstkamera: from Collecting to Academic Understanding
Maria V. Hartanovich
Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (the Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
Anna B. Radzioun
Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (the Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
DOI: 10.24411/2076-8176-2017-11915
It was Peter the First’s decree dated February 13, 1718 to collect monsters and other curios items that gave start to collecting human and animal specimens with congenital malformations which were gathered and exposed at the Imperial Academy’s of Sciences Kunstkamera. By mid-18th century men with congenital disorders served at the Kunstkamera and were seen as a part of its collections. Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) Russian Academy of Sciences, that was the Kunstkamera’s successor, holds and shows teratological collection, compiled mainly in the 18th — early 19th centuries in the Kunstkamera. In this article authors aim to overview the meaning of teratological Kunstkamera’s collection for research and understanding of congenital malformations causes as well as for investigation of general development laws in the 18th-century Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. The following tasks were set: brief review of monsters history in the West European science and meaning of teratological collections; overview of the main lines in research of birth malformations in St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in the second half of the 18th century based on the Kunstkamera’s collections: from parents questioning through analysis of possible causes in the light of preformation and epigenesis. A geographical scope of specimens with congenital malformations collecting is considered as well. One of the main points in the article is a questionary for parents of 19-year-old young man with birth defects of arm and foot, who was sent to St. Petersburg Kunstkamera from Siberian town of Tyumen in 1737. The questionary was compiled by the anatomists of the Imperial Academy of Sciences and reveals scientific understanding of congenital malformation causes which were common for that time. The other milestone is a review of Caspar Friedrich Wolff (1734-1794) research of Kunstkamera’s teratological collection to find grounds for the theory of epigenesis.